Intermediate Macro Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intermediate Macro Writing - Assignment Example This inefficiency and nuisance led to the plunge of several countries who had invested in financial institutions in the U.S, drowning their market commodities and share values and disrupting the entire stock and trade market with a series of sequential bailouts, buyouts, and collapses. (Havemann, The Financial Crisis of 2008, 2015) Of the most affected from this crisis emergence was China, with the most foreign exchange reserves held than required to withstand shocks. However it was found that countries that had accumulated large reserve assets before the crisis, such as China, are more likely to recover GDP growth after such global financial dilemmas. (Dominguez, Global Financial Crisis, 2011) Here we shall investigate to see the cause and effects of this incident in China. China is famously seen as the engine of the world economy, emerging as (once a major contestant), now a renowned leading exporter and generous importer in the past two decades, with its GDP increasing from 1.7-9.5%, a high purchasing power parity (PPP) after market exchange valuation and trade ratios doubling every 4-5 years. Its commodities have the power to lower consumer prices hence having a great impact on prices of goods and services internationally, with exports share raised from 3-10% and worth approximately $1.5 trillion. Chinas super competitiveness has been achieved by its universal trade and business activities that led to its popularity, holding 20% demand of world platinum and 17% pallid. High rank and prosperity was experienced until the downfall of the financial crisis had dawned upon their hard work and achievement. With trillions of dollars worth investment in foreign reserves, accelerating trade surpluses and a two-digit growth rate in the initial months of 2008, China came under the tidal wave of the financial crisis by mid year as banks began

Meaning of life essay Essay Example for Free

Meaning of life essay Essay What is the meaning of life? Many agree that the answer depends on the person asking the question. When Albert Camus and Richard Taylor decide to answer this question, they must take an in-depth look into the real and mythological worlds to arrive at a concise answer to this question that has baffled so many. Both have similar views with subtle differences however Taylors view is the more accurate of the two. When looking into the biological world, Taylor clearly describes how much of it can be identified with the Greek tale of Sisyphus. His first of two examples take an in-depth look into glowworms. They go through this cycle like Sisyphus did with his rock and ultimately they have nothing more to show for it than reproducing. They are condemned to this fate and like the rock that Sisyphus rolls up the hill, once they fall down, the burden is passed onto the next generation of worms, making their existence ultimately pointless. The story is the same with migrating birds, as they seasonally migrate across the planet just to do the exact same thing the next year (Klemke, 2008). The effort put into this, like the effort Sisyphus puts into rolling the rock up the hill, ultimately accomplishes nothing and in the end is futile. The birds are condemned to a meaningless task that has no meaning, but gives them purpose. Taylor states The point of any living things life is, evidently, nothing but life itself (Klemke, 2008), something that Sisyphus himself endures as he rolls the rock throughout eternity, with the only difference between him and the biological beings being that instead of each organism doing the same repetitive task for eternity, they pass on their mundane tasks to the next generation. Taylors solution to the meaning of life is a complicated one since he truly sees absolutely no meaning to it. Everything in this world is contingent and as a whole is seemingly meaningless. This is what he calls objective meaning. He went on to say that life has no end goal and that what you do can never be more than you, something similar to what Sisyphus went through. At the same time, he went on to say how life also has subjective meaning, meaning that life matters to the person living in that world in that period of time. As Sisyphus was rolling the rock up hill hill for eternity, Taylor asks what if the gods had made it his eternal desire to roll that rock up that hill, and what if he enjoyed nothing else more than rolling that rock for the rest of his life (Klemke, 2008). The same can be said about those that do what they love, and even though that has no objective meaning as a whole, it could have subjective meaning to the individual performing the task since there is nothing else they would rather do. He went on to say that as time passes A curious eye can in imagination reconstruct from what is left a once warm and thriving life, filled with purpose. (Klemke, 2008). This was in reference to looking back at an old barren wasteland, where although now it has no meaning, it once had subjective meaning to others and even though something has no end goal, that does not mean that it is meaningless, since in that moment in time it had meaning. He sees the meaning of life as nothing but life itself, and that the only way to live a full and meaningful life is to do something that has meaning to you. The end goal does not matter as long as what you are doing has meaning to you, and one thing does not have greater meaning over another. His solution involved projecting meaning onto our own lives by embracing our struggles, even if they accomplish nothing lasting and worthwhile (Cengage, 2013). Camus had a slightly different solution to the meaning of life. He truly saw no meaning to life and questioned why anyone would ever want to live in it (Klemke, 2008). He questioned peoples motives and why all individuals would never commit suicide when they know that they saw the world they lived in. He sees the world as absurd and the fact that we can accept that as surprising. Rational beings live in an irrational world, where people who are obsessed with reason cannot find it. He sees that the there is absolutely no meaning to the world. When he relates human lives to Sisyphus, he considers our everyday lives as pushing a rock up a hill and pushing it back down in a never-ending cycle until death. The tragedy of it is that we are never truly conscious of the absurd, and in those moments when we are conscious of the absurd, we experience the greatest moral downfall imaginable. The only way to live in this world is to live in contradiction. Once we can accept that the world we live in is absurd, we no longer need to live for hope or have this dying need for purpose (Tomo, 2013). It means not only accepting it but also being fully conscious and aware of it, because that is the only way we can enjoy the freedoms of life as long as we abide by a few common rules (Lane, 2013). He sees this as being the ultimate way to embrace everything the unreasonable world has to offer us. This is known as absurd freedom, when you are conscious of the world you live in and are freed from the absurdity. You can then reach a point of acceptance where you can feel truly content with your own life (Lane, 2013). He considers Sisyphus as being the absurd hero, since he performs a meaningless task because he hates death, and so he does this meaningless task to live to the fullest. He embraces his destiny and one could truly believe that he is happy with it. The meaning of life also does not matter about what are the best moments of living, or doing what is meaningful to the individual, but who did the most living. This can be further explained with Camuss reference to Sisyphus, where the only thing differentiating our lives from his is that his is eternal. As humans, we will eventually deteriorate and die off, and in a world where nothing has meaning and everything is repetitive, the one who has lived for the longest period of time has truly made the most of it. Out of the two solutions, it is clear why both Camus and Taylor thought the way they did. One solution was based on doing things in general while the other focused on living as long as physically possible. In my opinion, although both have strong footings, I must say that although Camus position is slightly stronger logically, Taylors position has much better emotional traction. When Camus states that the world is completely absurd and that none of it has any meaning, his argument makes sense. We live in a world where even though we are creatures that demand reasoning and meaning for everything, there is none in the world we are currently in. Taylor agrees to a certain extent, but then introduces his idea of different kinds of meaning: subjective. He tries to give meaning to tasks that give us fulfillment true subjective meaning, but these same tasks have no objective meaning since they have no end goal. Logically, such tasks can have no meaning because they have no lasting value, something that Camus himself tried to explain, ultimately making Camuss position stronger logically. Emotionally, the case is quite the opposite. Camus tells us we should accept our fate and just try to live on this planet for as long as we can, something only an atheist would willingly accept with grace. He goes on to say as long as there is no end goal in life; there is no meaning in life. However, many that live their every day lives do not think on such an emotionless level. Taylor on the other hand gives the position of there being two different kinds of meanings, and although objective meaning doesnt exist, subjective meaning can give each one of us our own definition of what meaning is, which in this case is something to do. Even though the culmination of these events will ultimately lead to nothing, it doesnt mean that they were a complete waste of time since they gave us something to do (. The same can be said about the birds and the glowworms. Their lives have no end goal as their lives were nothing but a never-ending cycle, but it gave them something to do in life no matter how meaningless it may seem to someone looking from the outside in. The most important point Taylor makes is that the tasks we do can have meaning to us, but another individual looking in could see the exact same task as being meaningless, and that is to be expected. Subjective meaning depends on the exact moment in time, which relates to such expressions as live in the moment or Carpe Diem, because after that moment has passed, all the meaning that is associated with it disappears. People like to believe that what theyre doing will always have meaning in one form or another, and as long as they believe in that, they are in a better state of mind than believing that everything in life is meaningless and that we should only strive to live as long as we can. This can be seen as living in denial, but emotions are something humans unlike many animals live with on a minutely basis and must be accounted for. Furthermore, although Camus position makes logical sense, it makes little to know emotional sense since it does not account for the human aspect of life. CITATIONS Barnett, Richard. An absurd faith: Camus and The Myth of Sisyphus. Internet Archive: Wayback Machine. http://web. archive. org/web/20071012140207/http://www. geocities. com/a_and_e_uk/Sisyphus. htm (accessed March 19, 2013). (Only for research purposes) Lane , Bob. The Absurd Hero. Vancouver Island University, Degree Programs Canada Master Bachelor Education Degrees Canada | VIU. http://records. viu. ca/www/ipp/absurd. htm (accessed March 19, 2013). Klemke, E. D. , and Steven M. Cahn. Albert Camus: The Myth of Sisyphus. In _The meaning of life: a reader_. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. 72-82. Klemke, E. D. , and Steven M. Cahn. Richard Taylor: The Meaning of Life. In _The meaning of life: a reader_. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. 134-143. The Meaning of life: Richard Taylor. Cengage. www. cengage. com/philosophy/book_content/1439046948_feinberg/introductions/part_5/ch19/Life_Taylor. html (accessed March 19, 2013). Tomo, Ramirez. Camus, Sisyphus Taylor, The Meaning of Life. Deanza. edu. www. deanza. edu/faculty/ramireztono/phil01/camustaylornotes. pdf (accessed March 19, 2013).

Dahmers Confession :: essays research papers

On Wed., 7-24-91, I, Det. KENNEDY on Squad 126, while interviewing the suspect in this offense, that being one Jeffrey L.. DAHMER, spoke to him in regards to the fact that he had knowledge to whether or not the acts he was comitting were right or wrong. At this time, Mr. DAHMER stated that he was fully aware that the acts he was colTiflitting were wrong and that he feels horrified that he was able to carry out such an offense. He stated that it is obvious that he realized that they were wrong because he went to great time and expense to try to cover up his crimes. He stated that he used quite a bit of caution by setting up alarm systems in his apartment, that being In the outer door, the sliding door leading to his hallway bathroom and bedroom, and his bedroom door. He stated that he set up a fake video camera and told other homosexuals that he had brought to his apartment that it automatically turned on if his door opened up without the alarm being turned off. He stated that this was all done in order to keep people from entering into his apartment and discovering the evidence of his criminal act. He also stated that he drank excessively to try to forget the nlghtmre he felt he was living as he remembered the horror of some of the acts that he performed. He stated that he is deeply remorseful now for what he had done and wished that he had never started. He stated that he is not sure why he started committing these offenses and feels that in order to make restitution to the families of those he has killed, that he would like to help the police In any way that he can by trying to identify his victims. Report dictated by Oct. Patrick KENNEDY. PK/rc 7-24-91 On Tuesday, 07-23-91, I, Detective KENNEDY, of Squad 126, while investigating the above incident and filing reports down on the 4th fi., of the CIB, was given a message, by the head jailer in LUCAD, that the suspect in this offense, one Jeffrey_DAHMER, had requested to speak with me again. At this time I proceeded to the 5th fl., LUCAD lock up, where I went to the cell, where DAHMER, the suspect was sitting. At this time I asked if he had in fact requested to see me again, and he stated "yes I did". Dahmers Confession :: essays research papers On Wed., 7-24-91, I, Det. KENNEDY on Squad 126, while interviewing the suspect in this offense, that being one Jeffrey L.. DAHMER, spoke to him in regards to the fact that he had knowledge to whether or not the acts he was comitting were right or wrong. At this time, Mr. DAHMER stated that he was fully aware that the acts he was colTiflitting were wrong and that he feels horrified that he was able to carry out such an offense. He stated that it is obvious that he realized that they were wrong because he went to great time and expense to try to cover up his crimes. He stated that he used quite a bit of caution by setting up alarm systems in his apartment, that being In the outer door, the sliding door leading to his hallway bathroom and bedroom, and his bedroom door. He stated that he set up a fake video camera and told other homosexuals that he had brought to his apartment that it automatically turned on if his door opened up without the alarm being turned off. He stated that this was all done in order to keep people from entering into his apartment and discovering the evidence of his criminal act. He also stated that he drank excessively to try to forget the nlghtmre he felt he was living as he remembered the horror of some of the acts that he performed. He stated that he is deeply remorseful now for what he had done and wished that he had never started. He stated that he is not sure why he started committing these offenses and feels that in order to make restitution to the families of those he has killed, that he would like to help the police In any way that he can by trying to identify his victims. Report dictated by Oct. Patrick KENNEDY. PK/rc 7-24-91 On Tuesday, 07-23-91, I, Detective KENNEDY, of Squad 126, while investigating the above incident and filing reports down on the 4th fi., of the CIB, was given a message, by the head jailer in LUCAD, that the suspect in this offense, one Jeffrey_DAHMER, had requested to speak with me again. At this time I proceeded to the 5th fl., LUCAD lock up, where I went to the cell, where DAHMER, the suspect was sitting. At this time I asked if he had in fact requested to see me again, and he stated "yes I did".

The Impact of Korean Tv Dramas on Taiwanese Tourism Demand

Tourism Economics, 2009, 15 (4), 867–873 Research note: The impact of Korean TV dramas on Taiwanese tourism demand for Korea HYUN JEONG KIM School of Hospitality Business Management, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-742, USA. E-mail: [email  protected] edu. MING-HSIANG CHEN Department of Finance, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail: [email  protected] edu. tw. HUNG-JEN SU Department of Management, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan, ROC. E-mail: [email  protected] edu. tw. This study examines the effects of popular Korean TV dramas on Taiwanese outbound travel to Korea between 1997 and the end of 2005.The popularity of Korean TV dramas began with the drama Fireworks, first shown in Taiwan from July to September 2000. Based on that information, the data were divided into two subsamples: January 1997 to September 2000 and October 2000 to December 2005. The Chow tests revealed a significant structural change in the total number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea between the two sample periods. Additional analyses indicated that a significant structural change was attributable mainly to the increase in pleasure travel, further demonstrating the strong effects of Korean TV series in Taiwan.Empirical results support the concept of film-induced tourism. Keywords: TV drama; Korea; Taiwan; outbound travel; Chow tests Traditionally, South Korea has focused on exporting manufactured goods. However, recently, the country has become known for exporting entertainment products. In May 1994, the Korean Presidential Advisory Board on Science and Technology released its first report regarding the impact of digital technology on economic development. The report pointed out that the Hollywood film Jurassic Park generated revenue equivalent to foreign sales of 1. million Hyundai cars (Shim, 2002). The comparison between Hyundai cars and 868 TOURISM ECONOMICS Hollywood films drew the country’s attention to the imp ortance of media content to the national economy. Since then, the Korean government has declared the high value-added audiovisual industry as one of the national strategic industries for the next century. In 1995, the government enacted the Motion Picture Promotion Law, with incentives such as tax breaks to encourage corporations to invest in the film industry (Shim, 2002).Korean TV dramas did not travel much beyond the national border until the late 1990s. Along with the Korean government’s support for the film industry, Korean TV dramas began to be broadcast in Asia, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Russia (Lin and Huang, 2006). The Taiwanese media coined the slogan ‘Korean Wave’ in 2001, in response to the phenomenal popularity of the Korean pop culture in Taiwan (Chang et al, 2005). Not only has Taiwan been engulfed by the ‘Korean Wave’, but also Japan, China, Singapore and Malaysia (Lin and Huang, 2006).The popularity of Korean TV dramas in T aiwan began with Fireworks, first aired in 2000. The programme was an enormous success and it was rerun several times over the years, thereby forming the foundation of the ‘Korean Wave’ in Taiwan (Sung, 2008). Since Fireworks, more than 100 Korean soap operas have been shown in Taiwan (Lin and Huang, 2006). The Korean TV programmes have led to a dramatic change in the negative image associated with Korea; for example, roughness, violence and a lack of cultural refinement (Sung, 2008).Taiwanese people are now more willing to purchase Korean consumer goods (Onishi, 2005), join an international trip to Korea (Onishi, 2005) or learn the Korean language (Sung, 2008). Lee (2005) argued that the popularity of Korean TV dramas and movies overseas could launch a second economic boom for South Korea, particularly benefiting the entertainment and tourism industries. Lee (2005) stated that according to the export statistics of South Korean TV dramas, Taiwan was a leading importer ( 24. 5%), followed by Japan (19%), China (18. 6%) and Hong Kong (3. %). Accordingly, this study tests the influence of the popularity of Korean TV series in Taiwan on the number of Taiwanese tourists travelling to Korea. Although previous studies have discussed the effect of films on tourism (Tooke and Baker, 1996; Riley et al, 1998), no formal statistical tests have been performed to examine the significant increase in visitation and there has been no focus on a specific overseas audience. Taiwanese tourism demand for Korea: from 1980 to 2005 Geographically, South Korea and Taiwan are very close to each other.After World War II, both countries perceived each other as political allies until the early 1990s. For 12 years (1980–1992), the number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea increased gradually from 76,995 to 302,184, with an average annual growth rate of 14. 59% (see Figure 1 for the monthly travel flow from Taiwan to Korea). However, in August 1992, Korea severed diplomatic t ies with Taiwan to pursue its relationship with China. In 1993, the travel flow collapsed dramatically, by almost 60%, after the end of the political relationship.The low Taiwanese demand for travel to Korea lasted about eight years (1993– 2000), with a negative annual growth rate of –8. 84%. Taiwanese tourism demand for Korea Total outbound departures 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 1 869 1 2 3 4 Taiwanese tourist arrivals to Korea 50,000 1 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 0 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 2 3 4 Figure 1. Monthly time series of total Taiwanese outbound departures (all countries) and total Taiwanese tourist arrivals in Korea: 1/1980–12/2005.Note: Dotted line 1 – end of political relationship between Korea and Taiwan (8/1992). Dotted line 2 – earthquake of 21 September (9/1999). Dotted line 3 – start of the popularity of Korean TV series in Taiwan (10/ 2000). Dotted line 4 – outbreak of SARS in Taiwan (4/2003). Starting in 2001, the number of Taiwanese tourists travelling to Korea increased rapidly, although political ties were not renewed. Experts attribute the sudden travel flow to Korea to the unprecedented popularity of Korean TV dramas in Taiwan (Onishi, 2005). The growth rate of the travel flow to Korea (28. 9%) in a short period is impressive: 108,831 in 2000 to 368,205 in 2005. One sharp decrease occurred in 2003 because of the negative effect of the SARS outbreak in Taiwan on Taiwanese overseas departures. However, the number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea rebounded quickly. In 2004, to accommodate the strong tourism demand for Korea, Taiwan signed a new aviation agreement with 870 PLEASURE 40,000 TOURISM ECONOMICS BUSINESS 300 250 30,000 200 20,000 150 100 10,000 50 0 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 0 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 OFFICIAL 3,000 2,500 2,000 60 1,500 40 1,000 500 0 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05OTHER 100 80 20 0 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 Figure 2. Monthly time-series data of Taiwanese tourist arrivals in Korea: different purposes for visitation (1/1997–12/2005). Korea to resume flights between the two countries, ending a 12-year suspension on regular flight services (Government Information Office, 2005). Data, hypotheses and tests of structural changes Figure 1 presents monthly time-series data of total Taiwanese overseas travel (all countries) from January 1980 to December 2005; data were obtained from various issues of the annual report on tourism by the Taiwan Tourism Bureau.Figure 1 also plots the monthly data of total Taiwanese outbound travel to Korea over the same period. Data were collected from the Korea National Tourism Organization’s (KNTO) Taipei office. Figure 2 illustrates monthly data of Taiwanese arrivals to Korea in terms of purposes for visiting: pleasure, business, official and other. Data from the KNTO Taipei office were available for only nine years, f rom January 1997 to December 2005. KNTO (2006) reported that in 2005 pleasure trips accounted for 94. 1% of the total Taiwanese travel to Korea; in the same year, business, official and other categories accounted for only 0. 23%, 4. 86% and 0. 10%, respectively. To examine whether the popularity of Korean TV dramas in Taiwan has a Taiwanese tourism demand for Korea 871 significant impact on Taiwanese travel to Korea, we hypothesize that there is a structural change in the total number of Taiwanese trips to Korea before and after October 2000. This date is selected because the first popular Korean TV drama, Fireworks, ended in September 2000. To investigate the ffects of the popularity of Korean TV dramas further, we test if there is a structural change in total outbound departures (all countries) before and after October 2000. We expect no structural change in total outbound departures if the significant increase in Taiwanese overseas travel is restricted to South Korea, due to popu lar Korean TV dramas rather than the overall growth of outbound travel in Taiwan. In addition, we apply the same hypothesis to the different purposes for visitation (business, pleasure, official and other) to see which type of visit is affected more significantly by the popularity of Korean TV series.Accordingly, the following hypotheses are tested: †¢ Hypothesis 1: There is a structural change in the total number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea before and after October 2000. †¢ Hypothesis 2: There is a structural change in the total Taiwanese outbound departures before and after October 2000. †¢ Hypothesis 3: There is a structural change in the number of Taiwanese pleasure trips to Korea before and after October 2000. †¢ Hypothesis 4: There is a structural change in the number of Taiwanese business trips to Korea before and after October 2000. Hypothesis 5: There is a structural change in the number of Taiwanese official trips to Korea before and after October 20 00. †¢ Hypothesis 6: There is a structural change in the number of trips of the other category before and after October 2000. We used two Chow tests, namely the Chow breakpoint test and the Chow forecast test, to ensure the consistency of structural break test results. To perform the tests, the full sample period is divided into two subsamples: January 1997 to September 2000 and October 2000 to December 2005.The results of the Chow breakpoint test (Table 1) show a significant structural change in the total number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea, but no structural change in the total Taiwanese outbound departures before and after October 2000. In addition, structural changes are detected in pleasure travel and official travel, but no significant structural change is found in business and other travel. In conclusion, the Chow breakpoint test results support Hypotheses 1, 3 and 5. Table 1. Tests of a structural change in the number of Taiwanese visitors: before and after the popula rity of Korean TV series.Tourist arrivals Total outbound departures Total Pleasure Taiwanese visitors to Korea Yes Yes Yes Yes Business Official Other Chow breakpoint test Chow forecast test No No No No Yes No No Yes 872 TOURISM ECONOMICS The Chow forecast test produced similar results, with a minor difference in the results of travel purposes (Table 1). Structural changes are detected in the total number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea, pleasure travel and other travel; no structural changes are found in the total Taiwanese outbound departures and business and official travel before and after 2000.Therefore, Hypotheses 1, 3 and 6 are supported. Discussion and conclusion This study conducts tests of structure changes to examine the effects of popular Korean TV dramas on Taiwanese outbound travel to Korea from January 1997 to December 2005. The two Chow tests demonstrate a structural change in the total number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea between two periods: before and after Octobe r 2000 (before and after the showing of the Korean drama Fireworks).In addition, the fact that there is no structural change in the total number of Taiwanese outbound departures suggests that the significant increase in travel flow to Korea is an independent phenomenon, not associated with the overall growth of outbound departures in Taiwan. Chow tests, using travel purposes, do not show that business travel has a significant structural change, indicating that the number of Taiwanese travellers coming to Korea for business is not changed significantly before nd after 2000. For official and other travel, the results of two Chow tests are mixed; therefore, it may be difficult to support the existence of a structural change. Among four groups, only pleasure travel consistently shows a structural change through both Chow tests. This indicates that pleasure travel most likely drives a structural change in the total number of Taiwanese visitors to Korea before and after 2000, thereby furt her demonstrating the significant effects of popular Korean dramas in Taiwan.If Korean TV dramas, staged in Taiwan over the past few years, were linked to travel motivation, the effect would be seen on pleasure trips rather than other types. Overall, this study presents strong evidence regarding the effects of film on overseas travellers and supports the concept of film-induced tourism (Tooke and Baker, 1996; Kim et al, 2007). After diplomatic ties ended in 1992, South Korea was perceived by the Taiwanese as a violent country and one that overnight traded loyalty and faith for economic gains (Choe, 2001).Although this study does not measure the image/perception change, it is reasonable to assume that the popular Korean TV dramas have had a positive influence on the image of Korea, thereby leading to more Taiwanese pleasure trips to Korea. This study, therefore, confirms indirectly that movies, specifically TV dramas, can be an effective vehicle to change the perception of a certain destination country and further ease political conflict between two countries by stimulating social/pleasure travel flow (Kim et al, 2007).The film-induced tourism of this study is therefore in line with earlier notions that tourism is likely to act as a positive force to promote peace by reducing tension and suspicion (D’Amore, 1988). The great success of Korean TV dramas in neighbouring Asian countries such as Taiwan seems to offer an opportunity to consider countries further away than Asia. Due to globalization, outbound travels from the West to the East (and vice versa) are increasing constantly. The West may learn Asian culture, Taiwanese tourism demand for Korea 873 specifically Korean culture, through Korean dramas or movies.Therefore, the Korean government should develop the deeper understanding resulting from film-induced tourism to promote South Korea as a more appealing travel destination in the world. Future research directions The analysis of the present study is at a general level, breaking down Taiwanese arrivals only by total and purpose of visit. It is useful to identify the detailed profile of Taiwanese visitors drawn by popular Korean TV dramas. Hence, it is recommended that future research of this kind includes demographic variables such as gender, age and occupation.In addition to Taiwanese tourists, similar analyses should be performed using visitors from other countries/places where Korean TV programmes are broadcast. Currently, the film-induced tourism demand for Korea is being generated from East and South East Asian countries where the ‘Korean Wave’ exists strongly. In Asia, each country has its unique cultural character and economic power. Some demographic or behavioural differences may be found among these Asian visitors to Korea. References Chang, H. , Chen, Y. , and Liu, Z. 2005), ‘Korean Wave swept through and took away a large chunk of money’, China Times, 12 May 12 (http://news. chinatimes. com/ Chinatimes, accessed 12 October 2007). Choe, Y. (2001), ‘Asia dreaming of Korea’s pop singers and actors’, Korea Herald, 11 September (http://kn. koreaherald. co. kr/SITE/data/html_dir/2001/09/11/200109110034. asp, accessed 13 October 2007). D’Amore, L. (1988), ‘Tourism: a vital force for peace’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 15, pp 269– 270. Government Information Office (2005), Foreign Relations, Government Information Office, Taipei, Taiwan. Kim, S. S. , Agrusa, J. Lee, H. , and Chon, K. (2007), ‘Effects of Korean television dramas on the flow of Japanese tourists’, Tourism Management, Vol 28, pp 1340–1353. KNTO (Korea National Tourism Organization) (2006), ‘Overview of Korea’s tourism industry’ (http://www. knto. or. kr, accessed 13 October 2007). Lee, D. (2005), ‘Winter sonata drama fever’, UNIORB: Asian Trend: Japan/South Korea (http:// uniorb. com/ATREND/Japanwatch/wsdramafev er. htm, accessed 12 October 2007). Lin, Y. , and Huang, J. (2006), ‘Marketing of South Korean tourism using TV mini series’, Business Review, Vol 5, pp 61–65. Onishi, N. 2005), ‘Roll over, Godzilla: Korea rules’, The New York Times, 28 June. Riley, R. , Baker, D. , and Van Doren, C. S. (1998), ‘Movie induced tourism’, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol 23, pp 919–935. Shim, D. (2002), ‘South Korean media industry in the 1990s and the economic crisis’, Prometheus, Vol 20, pp 337–350. Sung, S. (2008), ‘The high tide of the Korean Wave III: why do Asian fans prefer Korean pop culture? ’ Korea Herald, 4 February. Tooke, N. , and Baker, M. (1996), ‘Seeing is believing: the effect of film on visitor numbers to screened locations’, Tourism Management, Vol 17, pp 87–94.

The nuclear family is disintegrating

IntroductionThe nuclear family has been described as an artificial construct of the nuclear age by some people. These people give more credit to the more traditional extended family. (Uzoka, 1979) However, in the present age, all the talks about family disintegration are directed to the nuclear family. The term nuclear family was instituted in the western world for the purposes of distinguishing the various family groups that are in existence. (Gottlieb, 1993)   There is a family group which consists of children and their parents that is, father, mother and children. This is what is referred to as the nuclear family. Then there is a different family structure composed of father, mother, children and relatives. This kind of a family structure is referred to as the extended family. (Bernardes, 1999)Nuclear family structures are not so new. They have been present since time immemorial even though the structures did not have a definite name. The term Nuclear family was coined in 1947 a ccording to Merriam-Webster. Webster suggested that the term must have come up due to the ever changing nature of the industrial age. He thought that the evolution of the name was coincidental and that it did not come as a result of the nuclear age. Is the Nuclear family an artificial construct which has no benefit to an individual?   Originally, the nuclear family was referred to as the immediate family. (Uzoka, 1979)According to research carried out, the term nuclear was coined from ‘nucleus’ which has been known to serve as theoretical root word meaning a centre of a large structure. It has also been said that historically, the nuclear family did not have the dominance that it has been accorded in the nuclear age. Post WWII environment has been implicated for enhancing the dominance of the nuclear family by shifting the family structure. It is important to carry out a study of how sociological factors have played a role in the disintegration of the nuclear family. (Chester, 1986)Disintegration of the Nuclear familyA lot of people have been affected by the breakdown of the nuclear family structure. This issue has made many people upset as it has been a source of problems and destructions to majority of people in the nuclear age. The nuclear family is the smallest possible unit that is considered before any breakdown in a family structured is considered. (Uzoka, 1979).   The nuclear family is not something artificial and it should be considered as anyone’s most vital and first social group. The nuclear family is a natural structure found in any social group whether big or small. (Gottlieb, 1993)An American anthropologist G.P. Murdock was the first sociologist to attest the Nuclear family as a social structure in 1949. (Murdock, 1949). According to many sociologists, the family nucleus found in the new transitory nature of American Society in the 1940s was described as a grounding unit that could easily be picked up and transplanted. Nu clear family disintegration has not only affected the American society, this issue has had a huge blow on most countries in the world.Sociological pressures have been implicated to play a major role in the disintegration. A lot of people try to diminish the anguish that comes as a result of disintegration in the nuclear family by instigating that this structure replaced the disintegrated extended family. The only cause of concern is whether the structure which will replace the nuclear family will be better or worse than it. (Taylor, 1997). Therefore, the contemporary society should be prepared of the sociological effects that the new family unit will bring with it. (Chester, 1986)Sociological Theories on Nuclear family disintegrationThe nuclear family has deeply been analyzed since the early nineteenth century with respect to various disciplines which include: Psychiatry, Cultural, Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology. Family Sociology can be attributed to have played a huge role in carrying out studies on family change since the twentieth Century. Parsons’ theory had the most influential power on the family structure at the time. (Parsons, 1955). There are various theories that have been put forward to explain disintegration in the nuclear family and emphasize on the adaptive elements that the family structure has to undergo. Many Western sociologist interchange the term ‘family’ with ‘nuclear family’. (Gottlieb, 1993)The disintegration of the nuclear family has led to the emergence of one-parent families which include: widowed, adoptive, divorced, unmarried people and also same sex families. Because these groups sought to be recognized as a family unit, a sociologist known as Popenoe in 1988 revised the definition of a family to incorporate the groups. He played a part in influencing a debate on the definition of a family. He suggested that a family should also describe:Any group consisting of one adult and one dependent pe rson People married who are of the same sex. A couple which is not married. (Solly, 2006)The definition of a nuclear family has to include its functions as a social institution. (Taylor, 1997).   According to Murdock, the functions of this social institution include: economic, reproductive, sexual and educational. With the new science of sociology, analysis of the disintegration of the nuclear family became possible. Auguste Comte who was thought by many to be the father of sociology thought disintegration of the nuclear family came as result of French revolution. (Murdock, 1949).Auguste attributes the rejection of aristocratic and hierarchical relations between the common people and the aristocracy as the main cause of family dysfunctions. His theory of attributing social changes to nuclear family disintegration and crisis has become a major subject in family sociology. Frederic Le Play who was the founder of empirical family sociology perceived the breakdown of the nuclear famil y as a result of industrial revolution. His sociological theory describes the stem family as being stronger than the Nuclear family which was separated from stem family and suffer red both physically and financially. He concluded by saying that the nuclear family is very unstable and that its disintegration was inevitable. (Taylor, 1997).According to Popenoe, the breakdown of the nuclear family could have been caused by Promiscuity in the society which made paternity issues difficult to establish. However, other sociologists like Howard and Westermarck found no clear evidence of promiscuity in early families. Marx and Engels influenced a major family theory in the nineteenth century. Marxist theory uses the economic determinism concept to explain how social power is determined by the available economic resources which influences the different kinds of struggle present in the various classes of people. (Parsons, 1955).The patriarchal family which had the father as having the right to private property and authority overshadowed the matriarchal system. The dissolution of capitalistic system led to the liberation of women which saw to it that they also had the ability to acquire and possess wealth. The result was the formation of strong feminist theories regarding gender differences in power that has contributed to the many divorces in the society. Women now have the ability to take care of their own children without the presence of a male figure in the house. This has largely contributed to disintegration of the nuclear family.  Sociological factors are thought to have been the cause of nuclear family disintegrations in Western countries like Canada, Northern Europe and United States. (Solly, 2006)The interactionist theory developed by Ralph Linton focuses on the interactions that occur between family members. Any nuclear family can be studied as a unit of interacting personalities. In the course of carrying out research on the interaction theory, the power in family roles was also studied. This theory explains that the disintegration of the nuclear family could have resulted from bad interactions within the family. For instance, a husband could exercise too much power in the family likely to send his wife away. (Taylor, 1997).A lot of controversy has resulted due to industrialization with women fighting for change of roles within a family setting. Although this move on the part of the women seems to be right, it has been established that single-parent families are not the best. Juvenile delinquency has risen due to the disintegrations in the nuclear family. The absence of the father figure and the ability to spend less time at home, transform children into delinquents. Industrialization has also led to many people dying due to accidents on roads, and places of work. This has increased the number of widowed people hence the nuclear family disintegration. (Patrick, 1995)The Social Darwin’s evolutionary theory has been applied to the family setting. The theory talks about the adaptation of organisms into their natural environments. The family has been compared to an organism which has to adapt to its natural environment if it is to survive from breaking up. Using this theory, Henry Morgan tried to explain the evolutionary development of family through six stages. The first one being the matriarchal stage characterized by promiscuity while the last being the monogamous family.The nuclear family has not been able to adapt to the increased industrialization, civilization and urbanization. There are many challenges that the nuclear family is frequently exposed to. For instance, industrialization and civilization have influenced the roles played by parents in the nuclear family. As a result, disputes have occurred leading to the disintegration of the nuclear family. (Eby, 1995)Morgan in trying to fathom this theory decided that since evolution results in higher development of species, then environmental and social e volution could result in higher development of the family. Extended family evolved to form nuclear family and it is hoped that evolution will lead to the disintegration and evolution of the nuclear family to come up with a unit that will be able to adapt to the current environment. Civilized nations such as North America and Europe have recorded the highest nuclear family disintegrations due to the extensive industrialization present in the nations.Studies reveal that nations considered to be ‘primitive’ such as Africa, have most of their nuclear families still intact. Spencer, who is Pro- Social Darwinism, has attempted to explain the evolution of the family from simple to complex forms. However his explanations were not in line with Engels, Marx and Le Play family sociologists who described the family to be evolving from more complex forms such as the extended family to simpler forms like the nuclear family. If the theory holds, then it is expected that the nuclear fa mily will further disintegrate and evolve into a simpler form. (Betty, 1973)  Structural-functionalism concept was put across by Spencer in trying to explain family theory of change. This theory or concept was further supported by Durkheim and it was seen to form a basis of Parsons’ theory of family change.This theory attributed the changes in the family structure to be as a result of changes in the society. The family was seen as a part of a greater whole which established equilibrium when it was properly combined to other relevant units. When a change occurred in one of the units, then it was transferred to the other parts. It was then decided that changes in the society could have a greater impact on the family as compared to the biological and economic factors in the Social Darwinism and Marxist theory.Durkheim found out that the change in the family structure influenced the relationships between parents and their children. In that the relationship ceases to be based on economic or material needs but on personal motives. In the changing society, women are very liberated that they do not need financial assistance from their partners. The nuclear family is disintegrating and this is shown by the great number of reported divorces and separations in the society. (Betty, 1973)The evolutionary theory was not accepted by many cultural anthropologists as it did not incorporate variations present in many family types due to different cultural contexts in the society. Instead they came up with cultural relativism concept which they thought should be employed in the study of the family evolution. They did not think that it was right to consider other cultures to be more superior or civilized than others. Thy made it clear that each society has unique values and culture which should not be compared with another. This theory was dismissed all together by the end of the nineteenth century.However, the theory popped up again in 1930 in a different form as Ecolog ical Anthropology. This theory emphasized on the relationship that exists between the environment and traits of a particular culture. The nuclear family is rapidly disintegrating due to the changes in the environment in terms of industrialization and urbanization. (Eby, 1995)ConclusionThe nuclear family is the first social group that one has to belong to. Due to the changes and developments that are taking place in the society, the stability of this family structure has been questioned. (Bernardes, 1999)  Industrialization and urbanization have been the reasons behind the emergence of other family structures caused by the breakdown of the nuclear family. There have been many cases of familial dysfunction and disintegration reported in more industrialized nations than in ‘primitive’ nations which prove the social Darwinism theory. (Eby, 1995)   According to Marx, family structures are bound to change from being complex to simple forms. Therefore, it is expected that the nuclear family will further disintegrate to form simple family structures such as single-parent families, divorces, widowers, and single people unmarried people. (Betty, 1973)ReferencesBernardes, J. (1999): We must now define The Family. Marriage and Family Review 28(3/4):21–41.Chester, R. (1986): The Myth of the Disappearing Nuclear Family. In Family Portraits, ed. D., Short Run Press, Ltd.UKGottlieb, B. (1993): The Family in the Western World. New York: Oxford.Murdock, G. P. (1949): Social Structure. New York. Macmillan.Parsons, T. (1955): The American Family. Its Relations to Personality and the Social Structure. In Family Socialization and Interaction Process, ed. Free Press. New YorkUzoka, A. (1979): The Myth of the Nuclear Family. Historical Background and Clinical Implications. American Psychologist 34. Pp1095–1106.Peplau & Taylor, (1997): Sociocultural perspectives in social psychology. Guide to sociocultural resources in social psychology. Melbourne press. New YorkBetty Y. (1973): Extinction. Revised ed. of The Changing Family. Columbia University press. New York  Solly D. (2006): The family on the threshold of the 21st century. Trends and Implications. Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication DataEby, L. (1995): Where's Daddy: Nearly Half the Nation's Children Are Growing Up In Homes Without Fathers. Prentice press. New York.Fagan & Patrick F. (1995): The Real Root Causes of Violent Crimes. The Breakdown of Marriage, Family and Community Cultural Studies Project. The Heritage Foundation. Washington, D.C. No. 1026. The nuclear family is disintegrating The nuclear family has been described as an artificial construct of the nuclear age by some people. These people give more credit to the more traditional extended family. (Uzoka, 1979) However, in the present age, all the talks about family disintegration are directed to the nuclear family. The term nuclear family was instituted in the western world for the purposes of distinguishing the various family groups that are in existence. (Gottlieb, 1993)   There is a family group which consists of children and their parents that is, father, mother and children. This is what is referred to as the nuclear family. Then there is a different family structure composed of father, mother, children and relatives. This kind of a family structure is referred to as the extended family. (Bernardes, 1999)Nuclear family structures are not so new. They have been present since time immemorial even though the structures did not have a definite name. The term Nuclear family was coined in 1947 according to Merriam-Webster. Webster suggested that the term must have come up due to the ever changing nature of the industrial age. He thought that the evolution of the name was coincidental and that it did not come as a result of the nuclear age. Is the Nuclear family an artificial construct which has no benefit to an individual?   Originally, the nuclear family was referred to as the immediate family.(Uzoka, 1979)   According to research carried out, the term nuclear was coined from ‘nucleus’ which has been known to serve as theoretical root word meaning a centre of a large structure. It has also been said that historically, the nuclear family did not have the dominance that it has been accorded in the nuclear age. Post WWII environment has been implicated for enhancing the dominance of the nuclear family by shifting the family structure. It is important to carry out a study of how sociological factors have played a role in the disintegration of the nuclear family. (Chester , 1986)Disintegration of the Nuclear familyA lot of people have been affected by the breakdown of the nuclear family structure. This issue has made many people upset as it has been a source of problems and destructions to majority of people in the nuclear age. The nuclear family is the smallest possible unit that is considered before any breakdown in a family structured is considered. (Uzoka, 1979).   The nuclear family is not something artificial and it should be considered as anyone’s most vital and first social group. The nuclear family is a natural structure found in any social group whether big or small. (Gottlieb, 1993)  An American anthropologist G.P. Murdock was the first sociologist to attest the Nuclear family as a social structure in 1949. (Murdock, 1949). According to many sociologists, the family nucleus found in the new transitory nature of American Society in the 1940s was described as a grounding unit that could easily be picked up and transplanted. Nuclea r family disintegration has not only affected the American society, this issue has had a huge blow on most countries in the world. Sociological pressures have been implicated to play a major role in the disintegration.A lot of people try to diminish the anguish that comes as a result of disintegration in the nuclear family by instigating that this structure replaced the disintegrated extended family. The only cause of concern is whether the structure which will replace the nuclear family will be better or worse than it. (Taylor, 1997). Therefore, the contemporary society should be prepared of the sociological effects that the new family unit will bring with it. (Chester, 1986)Sociological Theories on Nuclear family disintegrationThe nuclear family has deeply been analyzed since the early nineteenth century with respect to various disciplines which include: Psychiatry, Cultural, Anthropology, Psychology and Sociology. Family Sociology can be attributed to have played a huge role in c arrying out studies on family change since the twentieth Century. Parsons’ theory had the most influential power on the family structure at the time. (Parsons, 1955). There are various theories that have been put forward to explain disintegration in the nuclear family and emphasize on the adaptive elements that the family structure has to undergo. Many Western sociologist interchange the term ‘family’ with ‘nuclear family’. (Gottlieb, 1993)  The disintegration of the nuclear family has led to the emergence of one-parent families which include: widowed, adoptive, divorced, unmarried people and also same sex families. Because these groups sought to be recognized as a family unit, a sociologist known as Popenoe in 1988 revised the definition of a family to incorporate the groups. He played a part in influencing a debate on the definition of a family. He suggested that a family should also describe:Any group consisting of one adult and one dependent pe rson People married who are of the same sex. A couple which is not married. (Solly, 2006) The definition of a nuclear family has to include its functions as a social institution. (Taylor, 1997).   According to Murdock, the functions of this social institution include: economic, reproductive, sexual and educational. With the new science of sociology, analysis of the disintegration of the nuclear family became possible. Auguste Comte who was thought by many to be the father of sociology thought disintegration of the nuclear family came as result of French revolution. (Murdock, 1949).  Auguste attributes the rejection of aristocratic and hierarchical relations between the common people and the aristocracy as the main cause of family dysfunctions. His theory of attributing social changes to nuclear family disintegration and crisis has become a major subject in family sociology. Frederic Le Play who was the founder of empirical family sociology perceived the breakdown of the nuclear family as a result of industrial revolution. His sociological theory describes the stem family as being stronger than the Nuclear family which was separated from stem family and suffer red both physically and financially. He concluded by saying that the nuclear family is very unstable and that its disintegration was inevitable. (Taylor, 1997).According to Popenoe, the breakdown of the nuclear family could have been caused by Promiscuity in the society which made paternity issues difficult to establish. However, other sociologists like Howard and Westermarck found no clear evidence of promiscuity in early families. Marx and Engels influenced a major family theory in the nineteenth century. Marxist theory uses the economic determinism concept to explain how social power is determined by the available economic resources which influences the different kinds of struggle present in the various classes of people. (Parsons, 1955).The patriarchal family which had the father as having the rig ht to private property and authority overshadowed the matriarchal system. The dissolution of capitalistic system led to the liberation of women which saw to it that they also had the ability to acquire and possess wealth. The result was the formation of strong feminist theories regarding gender differences in power that has contributed to the many divorces in the society. Women now have the ability to take care of their own children without the presence of a male figure in the house. This has largely contributed to disintegration of the nuclear family.Sociological factors are thought to have been the cause of nuclear family disintegrations in Western countries like Canada, Northern Europe and United States. (Solly, 2006)The interactionist theory developed by Ralph Linton focuses on the interactions that occur between family members. Any nuclear family can be studied as a unit of interacting personalities. In the course of carrying out research on the interaction theory, the power in family roles was also studied. This theory explains that the disintegration of the nuclear family could have resulted from bad interactions within the family. For instance, a husband could exercise too much power in the family likely to send his wife away. (Taylor, 1997).A lot of controversy has resulted due to industrialization with women fighting for change of roles within a family setting. Although this move on the part of the women seems to be right, it has been established that single-parent families are not the best. Juvenile delinquency has risen due to the disintegrations in the nuclear family. The absence of the father figure and the ability to spend less time at home, transform children into delinquents. Industrialization has also led to many people dying due to accidents on roads, and places of work. This has increased the number of widowed people hence the nuclear family disintegration. (Patrick, 1995)The Social Darwin’s evolutionary theory has been applied to th e family setting. The theory talks about the adaptation of organisms into their natural environments. The family has been compared to an organism which has to adapt to its natural environment if it is to survive from breaking up. Using this theory, Henry Morgan tried to explain the evolutionary development of family through six stages. The first one being the matriarchal stage characterized by promiscuity while the last being the monogamous family. The nuclear family has not been able to adapt to the increased industrialization, civilization and urbanization. There are many challenges that the nuclear family is frequently exposed to. For instance, industrialization and civilization have influenced the roles played by parents in the nuclear family. As a result, disputes have occurred leading to the disintegration of the nuclear family. (Eby, 1995)Morgan in trying to fathom this theory decided that since evolution results in higher development of species, then environmental and social evolution could result in higher development of the family. Extended family evolved to form nuclear family and it is hoped that evolution will lead to the disintegration and evolution of the nuclear family to come up with a unit that will be able to adapt to the current environment. Civilized nations such as North America and Europe have recorded the highest nuclear family disintegrations due to the extensive industrialization present in the nations.Studies reveal that nations considered to be ‘primitive’ such as Africa, have most of their nuclear families still intact. Spencer, who is Pro- Social Darwinism, has attempted to explain the evolution of the family from simple to complex forms. However his explanations were not in line with Engels, Marx and Le Play family sociologists who described the family to be evolving from more complex forms such as the extended family to simpler forms like the nuclear family. If the theory holds, then it is expected that the nuclear family will further disintegrate and evolve into a simpler form. (Betty, 1973)Structural-functionalism concept was put across by Spencer in trying to explain family theory of change. This theory or concept was further supported by Durkheim and it was seen to form a basis of Parsons’ theory of family change.  This theory attributed the changes in the family structure to be as a result of changes in the society. The family was seen as a part of a greater whole which established equilibrium when it was properly combined to other relevant units. When a change occurred in one of the units, then it was transferred to the other parts. It was then decided that changes in the society could have a greater impact on the family as compared to the biological and economic factors in the Social Darwinism and Marxist theory. Durkheim found out that the change in the family structure influenced the relationships between parents and their children. In that the relationship ceases to be based on economic or material needs but on personal motives. In the changing society, women are very liberated that they do not need financial assistance from their partners. The nuclear family is disintegrating and this is shown by the great number of reported divorces and separations in the society. (Betty, 1973)The evolutionary theory was not accepted by many cultural anthropologists as it did not incorporate variations present in many family types due to different cultural contexts in the society. Instead they came up with cultural relativism concept which they thought should be employed in the study of the family evolution. They did not think that it was right to consider other cultures to be more superior or civilized than others. Thy made it clear that each society has unique values and culture which should not be compared with another. This theory was dismissed all together by the end of the nineteenth century.However, the theory popped up again in 1930 in a different form as Eco logical Anthropology. This theory emphasized on the relationship that exists between the environment and traits of a particular culture. The nuclear family is rapidly disintegrating due to the changes in the environment in terms of industrialization and urbanization. (Eby, 1995)ConclusionThe nuclear family is the first social group that one has to belong to. Due to the changes and developments that are taking place in the society, the stability of this family structure has been questioned. (Bernardes, 1999)  Industrialization and urbanization have been the reasons behind the emergence of other family structures caused by the breakdown of the nuclear family. There have been many cases of familial dysfunction and disintegration reported in more industrialized nations than in ‘primitive’ nations which prove the social Darwinism theory. (Eby, 1995)   According to Marx, family structures are bound to change from being complex to simple forms. Therefore, it is expected th at the nuclear family will further disintegrate to form simple family structures such as single-parent families, divorces, widowers, and single people unmarried people. (Betty, 1973)ReferencesBernardes, J. (1999): We must now define The Family. Marriage and Family Review 28(3/4):21–41.Chester, R. (1986): The Myth of the Disappearing Nuclear Family. In Family Portraits, ed. D., Short Run Press, Ltd.UKGottlieb, B. (1993): The Family in the Western World. New York: Oxford.Murdock, G. P. (1949): Social Structure. New York. Macmillan.Parsons, T. (1955): The American Family. Its Relations to Personality and the Social Structure. In Family Socialization and Interaction Process, ed. Free Press. New YorkUzoka, A. (1979): The Myth of the Nuclear Family. Historical Background and Clinical Implications. American Psychologist 34. Pp1095–1106.Peplau & Taylor, (1997): Sociocultural perspectives in social psychology. Guide to sociocultural resources in social psychology. Melbourne pre ss. New YorkBetty Y. (1973): Extinction. Revised ed. of The Changing Family. Columbia University press. New York  Solly D. (2006): The family on the threshold of the 21st century. Trends and Implications. Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication DataEby, L. (1995): Where's Daddy: Nearly Half the Nation's Children Are Growing Up In Homes Without Fathers. Prentice press. New York.Fagan & Patrick F. (1995): The Real Root Causes of Violent Crimes. The Breakdown of Marriage, Family and Community Cultural Studies Project. The Heritage Foundation. Washington, D.C. No. 1026.

Roe-Deer by Ted Hughes, An Advancement of Learning by Seamus Heaney And The Arrival of The Bees Box by Sylvia Plath Essays

Roe-Deer by Ted Hughes, An Advancement of Learning by Seamus Heaney And The Arrival of The Bees Box by Sylvia Plath Essays Roe-Deer by Ted Hughes, An Advancement of Learning by Seamus Heaney And The Arrival of The Bees Box by Sylvia Plath Paper Roe-Deer by Ted Hughes, An Advancement of Learning by Seamus Heaney And The Arrival of The Bees Box by Sylvia Plath Paper Essay Topic: Poetry Seamus Heaney Poems The Poems of Ted Hughes In the poem Roe-Deer the poet describes the deer as a very secretive and supernatural animal, which, in my opinion has caused the poet to write about his experience. They planted their two or three years of secret deer hood Clear on my snow screen vision of the abnormal. The poet knows that he is not supposed to see the deer, as if they are usually hidden by a snow screen because they do not usually let themselves to be seen at all. He admires the deer and become a part of their secretive society. He says they have a secret deer hood and he suggests, I could think the deer were waiting for me. When the deer run off the poet is disappointed because he feels that they had come for him, when they hadnt. He wishes, The deer had come for me. When the deer disappear Into the boil of big flakes. On the last line of the poem he says that everything returned Back to the ordinary. When the poet sees the animals he feels that the deer are special Clear on my snow-screen vision of the abnormal and is pleased that have come into his own private dimension. They had happened into my dimension The poet thinks about the deers secret lives. He envies them and wishes he could join their company. The poet senses that the deer inhabit a supernatural element, and that the snow makes everything seem abnormal. The snow enhances the poets Vision of the abnormal and when the poet returns back to the ordinary he is disappointed. He also writes about the deer living secret lives that humans dont know about, They planted their two or three years of secret deer hood. The poet regrets that he cannot communicate with the deer however much he wants to become apart of their deer hood. The deer had come for me. This is not true but the poet believes that it is. In the poem, An Advancement of Learning, the poet, Seamus Heaney, has a phobia of rats. The poem is about a person taking a walk and chooses to go under the bridge rather than over it. He notices an animal slime out of the water, it is a rat. The poet stares out the rat although he dislikes it he continues to stare. He describes the rat with its Back bunched and glistening, Ears plastered down on his knobbed skull, This makes the reader feel sick at the poets description of the animal. The poet describes the sighting as a battle, I established a dreaded Bridgehead He trained on me These lines are commonly associated with a war or battle so that is how we view his sighting. At the end of the poem the poet walks over the bridge, meaning he has lost this battle. After the experience with the rat the poet takes a different route rather than the route he usually takes. I took the embankment path (As always deferring The bridge). This is where the poet sees the rat, on the embankment path, so he walks over the bridge instead Then I walked over the bridge. He does this because he is so terrified by the rats that he couldnt stand to see another because it makes him sick feel sick, My throat sickened. So the only way to avoid them is to go over the bridge. The rat made the poet think about his past experiences with rats that lived in his house and yard. When his grey brothers scraped and fed Behind the hen-coop in our yard, On ceiling boards above my bed. The sighting is bringing back his almost forgotten childhood fear of the animal. Forgetting how I used to panic In the poem The Arrival of the Bee Box by Sylvia Plath we learn that the poet wants to be a bee keeper. She requests a box of bees, but when they arrive she is afraid of what they might do. This fear keeps her fascinated by the buzzing box and thinks of what she could do with the boxed bees. The box of bees cause of much anxiety because of the noise coming from the box, It is the noise that appals me most of all, The unintelligible syllables, Because of this noise the poet cant keep away from it, and is very curious about what is inside. And I cant keep away from it. There are no windows so I cant see what is in there. There is only a little grid, no exit. I put my eye to the grid. The poet thinks that she will starve them because she is too afraid to let them free, They can be sent back. They can die, I need feed them nothing, I am the owner. She the decides to set the bees free because she thinks that if they are hungry they will go for food; I wonder how hungry they are. I wonder if they would forget me They might ignore me immediately The poet relates the packing of the bees to the African slave trade, where black Africans were herded into a ship and packed together, squashed, so they could not move. With the swarmy feeling of African hands, Minute and shrunk for export, Black on black, angrily clambering. She also relates the buzzing to an ancient Roman mob that speaks Latin, which needs to be appeased by a Caesar. Its like a Roman mob, Small, taken one by one, but my god, together! I lay my ear to furious Latin. I am not a Caesar. When there is a riot the Caesar at the time would calm the mobs down. She says this because she can hear a language spoken by the bees, the buzzing, but she cant calm them down because she does not speak that language. The poems Roe-Deer and An Advancement of Learning are total contrasts to each other, in Roe-Deer the poet admires the animal, and describes it as a supernatural creature. In An Advancement of Learning the poet has a lot of hate towards the rat and regards it as his enemy, but, in The Arrival of The Bee Box the poet has mixed feelings about the bees, she is afraid of the bees and decides to kill them, but she changes her mind and decides to set them free.

Citing an Online Video with Chicago Authorâ€Date Referencing

Citing an Online Video with Chicago Author–Date Referencing Citing an Online Video with Chicago Author–Date Referencing Previously, we looked at how to cite an online video using Chicago’s footnote referencing. But The Chicago Manual of Style also sets out an author–date referencing system. So to make sure we’ve covered all our bases, this time we’re looking at citing an online video author–date style. In-Text Citations First of all, citations. As with any source in Chicago author–date referencing, citing an online video means giving the creator’s surname and a date of publication in brackets: Some museums are now returning stolen artifacts (Colwell 2018). Here, we’re citing a TED Talk by Chip Colwell that was uploaded to YouTube in 2018. We’ve cited Colwell in this case because gives the presentation, but with some videos you may want to cite the writer or director instead. It all depends on who the main creator is. The main difference from citing a print source comes when quoting a video. In the absence of page numbers to cite, you’ll have to include a timestamp for the part of the video cited: Discussing these returns, he describes this as â€Å"plant[ing] seeds of hope in the ruins of the past† (Colwell 2018, 7:18). Here, for instance, we can see that the quote comes from 7 minutes and 18 seconds into the video. Additional source information will then be given in the reference list at the end of the document. Reference List When you add an online video to your reference list, you need to provide enough information for readers to find it themselves. This should include at least most of the following: Surname, First Name. Year of publication. â€Å"Video title.† Host website. Format, video length. Uploader name (if different from creator). Date of access (if required). URL. You might not be able to find all this information, but this is fine as long as the video is easy to identify (keep in mind that URLs sometimes change, so you need more than just a link). To see how this would look in practice, we’ll create a reference for the video cited above: Colwell, Chip. 2018. â€Å"Why museums are returning cultural treasures | Chip Colwell.† YouTube. Video, 13:01. TED. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUUP2MMz7PU. We cite Chip Colwell as the author above, but we also include TED as the uploader. This is because the video is hosted on the TED YouTube channel.

Send Information Between Delphi Apps With WM_COPYDATA

Send Information Between Delphi Apps With WM_COPYDATA There are many situation when you need to allow for two applications to communicate. If you do not want to mess with TCP and sockets communication (because both applications are running on the same machine), you can *simply* send (and properly receive) a special Windows message: WM_COPYDATA. Since handling Windows messages in Delphi is simple, issuing a SendMessage API call along with the WM_CopyData filled with the data to be sent is quite straight forward. WM_CopyData and TCopyDataStruct The WM_COPYDATA message enables you to send data from one application to another. The receiving application receives the data in a TCopyDataStruct record. The TCopyDataStruct is defined in the Windows.pas unit and wraps the COPYDATASTRUCT structure that contains the data to be passed. Heres the declaration and the description of the TCopyDataStruct record: type TCopyDataStruct packed record dwData: DWORD; //up to 32 bits of data to be passed to the receiving application cbData: DWORD; //the size, in bytes, of the data pointed to by the lpData member lpData: Pointer; //Points to data to be passed to the receiving application. This member can be nil. end; Send a String over WM_CopyData For a Sender application to send data to Receiver the CopyDataStruct must be filled and passed using the SendMessage function. Heres how to send a string value over WM_CopyData: procedure TSenderMainForm.SendString() ; var stringToSend : string; copyDataStruct : TCopyDataStruct; begin stringToSend : About Delphi Programming; copyDataStruct.dwData : 0; //use it to identify the message contents copyDataStruct.cbData : 1 Length(stringToSend) ; copyDataStruct.lpData : PChar(stringToSend) ; SendData(copyDataStruct) ; end; The SendData custom function locates the receiver using the FindWindow API call: procedure TSenderMainForm.SendData(const copyDataStruct: TCopyDataStruct) ; var   Ã‚  receiverHandle : THandle;   Ã‚  res : integer; begin   Ã‚  receiverHandle : FindWindow(PChar(TReceiverMainForm),PChar(ReceiverMainForm)) ;   Ã‚  if receiverHandle 0 then   Ã‚  begin   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ShowMessage(CopyData Receiver NOT found!) ;   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exit;   Ã‚  end;   Ã‚  res : SendMessage(receiverHandle, WM_COPYDATA, Integer(Handle), Integer(copyDataStruct)) ; end; In the code above, the Receiver application was found using the FindWindow API call by passing the class name of the main form (TReceiverMainForm) and the caption of the window (ReceiverMainForm). Note: The SendMessage returns an integer value assigned by the code that handled the WM_CopyData message. Handling WM_CopyData - Receiving a String The Receiver application handles the WM_CopyData mesage as in: type TReceiverMainForm class(TForm) private procedure WMCopyData(var Msg : TWMCopyData) ; message WM_COPYDATA; ... implementation ... procedure TReceiverMainForm.WMCopyData(var Msg: TWMCopyData) ; var s : string; begin s : PChar(Msg.CopyDataStruct.lpData) ; //Send something back msg.Result : 2006; end; The TWMCopyData record is declared as: TWMCopyData packed record Msg: Cardinal; From: HWND;//Handle of the Window that passed the data CopyDataStruct: PCopyDataStruct; //data passed Result: Longint;//Use it to send a value back to the Sender end; Sending String, Custom Record or an Image? The accompanying source code demonstrates how to send a string, record (complex data type) and even graphics (bitmap) to another application. If you cannot wait the download, heres how to send a TBitmap graphics: procedure TSenderMainForm.SendImage() ; var ms : TMemoryStream; bmp : TBitmap; copyDataStruct : TCopyDataStruct; begin ms : TMemoryStream.Create; try bmp : self.GetFormImage; try bmp.SaveToStream(ms) ; finally bmp.Free; end; copyDataStruct.dwData : Integer(cdtImage) ; // identify the data copyDataStruct.cbData : ms.Size; copyDataStruct.lpData : ms.Memory; SendData(copyDataStruct) ; finally ms.Free; end; end; And how to receive it: procedure TReceiverMainForm.HandleCopyDataImage( copyDataStruct: PCopyDataStruct) ; var ms: TMemoryStream; begin ms : TMemoryStream.Create; try ms.Write(copyDataStruct.lpData^, copyDataStruct.cbData) ; ms.Position : 0; receivedImage.Picture.Bitmap.LoadFromStream(ms) ; finally ms.Free; end; end;

Cultures in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cultures in Organizations - Essay Example Among other tools used by managers to control behavior of employees, include working language, beliefs, symbols and acceptable habits at the organization. Such tools constitute an organizational culture and subcultures. Communication is an essential cultural aspect that influences the productivity of an organization. The management of the organization therefore invests most of its resources to manage the flow of information within the organization. Information for example is an equally important asset in an organization since the information influences the management, production and marketing among other important features of the organization. This explains the various policies that control the flow of information in the organization. Working language is a primary feature that manages the flow of information besides influencing the culture within the organization (Jex & Britt 77). Most organizations have an official operational language within the organization. Besides the use of a specific language, organizations also have specific channels of communication with certain media considered official. The use of video conferencing, telephones and emails have become official channels of communication th at expedites management operations. Deal and Kennedy define organizational culture liberally as the manner in which organizations operate. In their definition, they provide a number of organizational cultures defining the relationship among the employees and managers within the organization and the influence of such relationships in the productivity of the organization. Among the organizational cultures the two scholars propagate, include work hard play hard culture. The culture explains the operations of restaurants and fast food cafes. Such cultures have low risks and rapid results. Such cultures require cohesive organizations with the coordination between the management and the employees. Effective

Casino Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Casino Management - Essay Example But the public needs to see that we are ahead of the curve on this issue. We can’t sit back and do nothing. So, the bad news is that as floor employees, you are going to have to step up your ID checks. I know that some of you will say, business is business, but we are talking about the reputation of the casino here. The good news is, that if we step up ID checks by only 25%, we’ll catch a lot more minors. Our goal is to check everyone. For every employee who successfully ID checks a minor, we will be issuing a cash bonus. I have some bad news for you. As you may have seen in the local paper, there was an expose on our casino and several other casinos on the same street. Apparently, kids from Pennsylvania as young as 16 have been taking road-trips to these casinos in order to drink and gamble, and in most cases, they were successful. ID checks are not just a formality; as you know, they are vital to a casino maintaining its status and reputation. Big time gamblers are not going to want to frequent an establishment that lets young teenagers have run off the casino floor. This situation could lead to a loss in revenue for the casino, as well as legal problems. I know that as a local business owner and a member of the town council, you are aware of the importance of casinos to our economy. In order that we continue to have the friendship of Fine Auto Parts, I am taking this proactive step to inform you that ID checks are our new top priority. We are not just talking about a significant change; we are enacting it. All floor employees have now been advised that they are to check everyone coming in the doors for ID and that there will be cash bonuses for catching these minors who are trying to sneak into our casino and ruin our  reputation.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Exploring Parent's Attitudes Towards Learning Through Play in the Essay

Exploring Parent's Attitudes Towards Learning Through Play in the Foundation Stage - Essay Example To consider how learning through play is measured at foundation stage. Rationale of the Study Play comes very naturally to children. From the time they are infants, play is already an activity that they engage in to learn about their world. As they grow, they discover more about the world around them through play. They use their senses to explore objects and learn about cause and effects when they manipulate such objects (Brewer, 2001). Macintyre (2003) asserts that young children learn better in play-like settings. Concepts are retained better when learned in an easy, relaxed and fun atmosphere that does not pressure children to perform in ways that stress them to achieve. Macintyre (2003) continues to endorse the value of play in all the developmental areas of children. Parents recognize the value of play but sometimes get confused about its function in children’s learning (Moyles, 1989). Developments in education point to the benefits of collaboration between the home envir onment and the school in the facilitation of children’s growth, learning and development. Wood (2004) argues that the Government endorses literacy and numeracy strategies that make use of play especially in the early years. The fact that parents are expected to take part in their children’s learning may press parents to seriously consider the advantages and disadvantages of play. Wiltshire (2002) claims that parents question what the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) has to offer to their children as it is heavily play based. If the parents’ view is that play is merely for entertainment and social purposes, then it is doubtful that parents will become fully involved as partners in their children’s education. Piaget argued that ‘play’ is often neglected by adults because it has no significant function  (Piaget and Inhelder, 1969).   Brierley (1987) also points out that as adults, if a task is easy or unimportant, people refer to it as â €˜child’s play’ which reinforces the idea that play is not challenging. Parents are seen as partners in their children’s education, so it is worthwhile to study how they view this role as parents of very young children who constantly engage in play as a form of enjoyment. Becoming aware that play may be used in the educational setting for learning as well as enjoyment may confuse parents as to the role play is given in the foundation stage. This study will investigate if parents believe that learning may be derived from play and if they actively endorse this belief at home. Literature Review Play and Children’s development The subject of play has attracted many scholars to study its process and how it benefits people. Holland (2003) studied heuristic play or the exploratory play of infants and toddlers and confirmed that play is used by children to investigate how things work, how people react, etc. Toys and other objects are explored freely by toddler s and they then observe what such things can or cannot do. In contrast to educational materials, which are designed by adults to expect certain responses from children, objects that encourage free play in the heuristic sense stimulate the child’s thinking, develop creativity and open the imagination to endless possibilities of transforming ordinary objects into various things with various functions (Holland, 2003). Much research has been done on play and its benefits to children’

Violence Towards Mental Health Workers Research Paper

Violence Towards Mental Health Workers - Research Paper Example This paper underlines the need of identification of effective approaches to worker assault in the clinical workplace, particularly the necessary responses, programs and interventions that can reduce or prevent both patient violence and its adverse effects on mental health workers. Violence towards staff members who work as mental health professionals has received considerable attention over the years. Assaults against mental health workers caused by their psychiatric patients are a great concern as its outcomes have adverse outcomes on the victim. While some professionals assert that violence is inherent in their occupation as mental health workers and that they possess the skill and knowledge necessary to cope with such violence. In spite of such beliefs, mental health workers may suffer a number of physical and psychological effects brought about by their violent patients. As the current study aims to examine the causes and effects of patient- and workplace-related factors on viole nce that is evident in the workplace, it will employ a quantitative approach to research with which surveys will be used in obtaining primary data. The main goal of the study is to examine how certain aspects related to the patient and to the environment can influence violent behavior in the workplace, particularly in psychiatric wards or hospitals where patients can demonstrate violence towards mental health care workers. Surveys will be administered to the health care professionals and their patients.... What are the effects of age, gender, and static and dynamic risk factors on the violent behavior of patients towards health care professionals in mental health care settings? 2. What are the physical and psychological effects of violence caused by mental health patients on health care professionals in the workplace? 3. What are the strategies used in effectively managing violent situations and avoiding similar occurrences in the future? Project Rationale As the current study aims to examine the causes and effects of patient- and workplace-related factors on violence that is evident in the workplace, it will employ a quantitative approach to research with which surveys will be used in obtaining primary data. The main goal of the study is to examine how certain aspects related to the patient and to the environment can influence violent behavior in the workplace, particularly in psychiatric wards or hospitals where patients can demonstrate violence towards mental health care workers. Su rveys will be administered to both the health care professionals and their patients. The collection of secondary data will help provide a clear foundation that will enable the researcher to gain a comprehensive view of the content and other related factors to be examined. Moreover, as primary data will be collected through surveys, these will be interpreted through statistical analysis that may further increase the reliability of the findings. Through these, suitable conclusions and recommendations can be established. Significance of the Study In numerous high-risk areas, including inpatient psychiatric units and emergency departments, it is highly expected for violent behavior to be demonstrated by patients. Mostly, direct caregivers experience the assaults, although all

Corporate Goal of Maximizing Shareholder Value Essay - 1

Corporate Goal of Maximizing Shareholder Value - Essay Example Enhancing shareholder value cannot be stretched beyond the limits that start breaching the fundamental requirements of corporate governance. Ireland (1996. pp289) established an empirical generalization that the legal existence of the company and the shareholders are entirely separate. Although acts like Sarbanes Oxley in the United States have made the leadership of the organization (CEO or CFO!!) legally responsible for the accuracy in accounting statements, many countries around the world still lack such acts. Moreover, the act does not make shareholders responsible always because in many companies the shareholders do not sign on accounting statements or manage the company operations. Sundaram and Inkpen (2004. pp353) argue that the shareholder value maximization should be considered after all the liabilities of the corporation has been fulfilled – including incentives of managers, contractual liabilities, payments of dividends, principal & interest payments to bondholders, supplier dues, wages, salaries, etc. The net value addition in shareholder wealth needs to be taken care of after all such liabilities have been fulfilled that can be effectively managed through corporate governance. The shareholder wealth maximization and effective corporate governance are conflicting objectives and hence need to be managed by different individuals to reduce the risk of conflict of interest. The non-shareholding stakeholders should be engaged in corporate governance whereas the shareholders should be engaged in wealth maximization and both parties should have a congenial environment to resolve conflict situations. These roles should be normally fixed in support of the argument by Sundaram and Inkpen (2004. pp355) that the transition from non-shareholding stakeholders to shareholders is easy but vice versa is very difficult.

Violence Towards Mental Health Workers Research Paper

Violence Towards Mental Health Workers - Research Paper Example This paper underlines the need of identification of effective approaches to worker assault in the clinical workplace, particularly the necessary responses, programs and interventions that can reduce or prevent both patient violence and its adverse effects on mental health workers. Violence towards staff members who work as mental health professionals has received considerable attention over the years. Assaults against mental health workers caused by their psychiatric patients are a great concern as its outcomes have adverse outcomes on the victim. While some professionals assert that violence is inherent in their occupation as mental health workers and that they possess the skill and knowledge necessary to cope with such violence. In spite of such beliefs, mental health workers may suffer a number of physical and psychological effects brought about by their violent patients. As the current study aims to examine the causes and effects of patient- and workplace-related factors on viole nce that is evident in the workplace, it will employ a quantitative approach to research with which surveys will be used in obtaining primary data. The main goal of the study is to examine how certain aspects related to the patient and to the environment can influence violent behavior in the workplace, particularly in psychiatric wards or hospitals where patients can demonstrate violence towards mental health care workers. Surveys will be administered to the health care professionals and their patients.... What are the effects of age, gender, and static and dynamic risk factors on the violent behavior of patients towards health care professionals in mental health care settings? 2. What are the physical and psychological effects of violence caused by mental health patients on health care professionals in the workplace? 3. What are the strategies used in effectively managing violent situations and avoiding similar occurrences in the future? Project Rationale As the current study aims to examine the causes and effects of patient- and workplace-related factors on violence that is evident in the workplace, it will employ a quantitative approach to research with which surveys will be used in obtaining primary data. The main goal of the study is to examine how certain aspects related to the patient and to the environment can influence violent behavior in the workplace, particularly in psychiatric wards or hospitals where patients can demonstrate violence towards mental health care workers. Su rveys will be administered to both the health care professionals and their patients. The collection of secondary data will help provide a clear foundation that will enable the researcher to gain a comprehensive view of the content and other related factors to be examined. Moreover, as primary data will be collected through surveys, these will be interpreted through statistical analysis that may further increase the reliability of the findings. Through these, suitable conclusions and recommendations can be established. Significance of the Study In numerous high-risk areas, including inpatient psychiatric units and emergency departments, it is highly expected for violent behavior to be demonstrated by patients. Mostly, direct caregivers experience the assaults, although all

Proposal to develop biosensor system for rapid diagnosis of infection Essay

Proposal to develop biosensor system for rapid diagnosis of infection with drug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) in accident and ER in hospital - Essay Example It potentially kills more adults than any other infectious agent. Detection of infectious pulmonary cases at early stages of infection is imperative to gain control over the bacilli and also its spread. The most prevalent method of screening Mycobacterium tuberculosis is Mantoux TB test, where an injection is given under the patient’s skin and localised reaction is observed for up to 72 hrs. The test is slow, clumsy, requires specialist laboratory facilities and is only effective for detecting advanced disease, it is influenced by multiple factors and delivers false positive or false negative results and requires further testing and interpretations (News release). Research is going on constantly to develop rapid and accurate methodologies and techniques to detect the causal organism associated with tuberculosis. In the past two decades research is being carried out for the development of biosensors and biochips to understand the biological and medical fields and to quantify biomolecules (Vo-Dinh, 2000). It is manifested that organisms have some kind of bioreceptors; biosensors are developed as a means of chemical analysis with high selectivity (Vo-Dinh, 2000). Biosensors are chemical sensors that exploit the high selectivity and sensitivity of a biologically active material (Kumar, 2000). A biosensor can be defined as a device that consists of a biological recognition system called a bioreceptors and a transducer. When the analyte interacts with the bioreceptor (a molecular species e.g. an antibody, an enzyme, a protein, or a nucleic acid or cell, tissue or whole organism), it is measured by transducer as it converts information into an elect rical signal (Vo-Dinh, 2000). Biosensors have the advantage of being simple and low-cost instruments, fast response time, require less sample pre-treatment and display high sample throughput. With the advances in research in this area, novel treatments are required to provide

Curriculum Trends Essay Example for Free

Curriculum Trends Essay

Human Rights and Mental Health

Human Rights and Mental Health Ethical Communication Human Rights and Mental Health Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also describe as moral philosophy .It covers a lot of dilemma such as how to live a good life, individual rights and responsibilities and the language of right and wrong(BBC 2014). Ethics defines the elements essential to human well-being. In addition it also refers to the specific values, standard and agreements people adept for conducting their lives. In other words ethics is the study of human behaviour and it is consequences in the tight of what is possible also is define as the social condition necessary for human beings to thrive. Furthermore ethics wisdom is the product of long history and it comes from the reality producing function of the mind (ETHICAL SOCIETY 2012). Ethics provide good tool for individual and ethical thrives are useful in practice and they need effect the way human beings behave. Sometime if two people are disagree or argument, ethics does not provide with the sort of help that they really want (BBC 2014). Moreover (SCU 2010) tested that ethics has to do with what your feelings tells you what is right or wrong, your religious belief and the law require. Furthermore ethics refers to well-founded standard of right or wrong that helps human ought to do and especially in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness and specific virtues. Human rights (OHCHR 2014) state that human rights is rights for all human beings, whatever our nationality, place of residence, sex, national, ethnic origin, colour, religion, language or any other status. Human rights based on principles like dignity, fairness, equality, respect and autonomy (EHR 2014) Human Rights Act protects all of us rich, poor, old and young. Furthermore human rights may be used with anyone in the country citizens or foreigners a child and adult. (LIBERTY 2012). The human rights cover many of everyday life ranging from the righto food, shelter, education, health, freedom of thought, religious and expression. Individual who receive care they have right which will help them not to be treated inhuman. They have the right to be treated equally not to be tortured (YHR) for example for the staff to locked an individual with mental health problem in his/her bedroom without any food and drink because he refused personal care. They have got the right not to be treated deliberate (YHR) such as for the staff to leave an individual covered with faeces and urine for long-time and not giving him pressure relief because he have mental illness. Also they have the right to be treated as individual not objects (TELEGRAPH 2010). All patients with mental illness are individual and they are still the same despite their illness (TELEGRAPH 2010).They have the right to be treated with dignity and respect as a human being (MHDH). Dignity is good all the time to the individual whom I take care of because it helps staff to be close with individuals, however, and the individual they will be free to communicate their needs. Patients have the rights to accept or to refuse of treatments. To refuse other treatments like electroshock treatments and insulin shock can causes side effects (MHDH 2014). The Code of practice (1983) describes good practice that all mental health professionals should follow when treating people under Mental Health Act. The patient who is treated against this must be as fully involved in planning treatenents as possible and his wish should be taken into account by the team of mental health professionals responsible for their care in the hospital(MHA 2005) and also he have the rights to involve family members and other carer. In UK care practitioner and other professionals such as nurse they have duty to restrain an individual to protect from harming other individual, staff, visitors and him/herself. Restrain is to stop an individual or to restricting his movements and his liberty. (LTAR 2012). In other words restrain is to stopping a person during something he want to do that may harm them (BBC). I work with individual with dementia and I see many types of restrain from staff. Also all staff are trained to MAPA, DMI, Personal Safety and Restraint for them to manage to restrain patients. The type of restrain which I see are as follows, physical restrain and this involve two to five member of staff holding individual for personal care, transferred him from lounge to quite room and blocking his movement. Table, chair or bed restraining this involve equipment or any furniture to stop an individual to getting out from the chair or his bed, however, this will stop an individual freedom. Medication restrain when the individual is in bad mood, putting others on risk and banging the doors. The staff will tell anyone who is qualified to administrate medication to give him his medication which keep him to be calm. In other places they use verbal restrain this to telling an individual not to do what he want to do nor he is equipment such as hoist, stand aid , elevator and sharp objects disposal bin which is dangerous for him. Covert administration of medicines is a complex issues and involves the administration of a medicine disguised in food or drink to a patient without their knowledge or consent (Haw and Stubbs 2010). Nurses are especially hit hard in this predicaments because they are the ones in direct contact with the patients, and they are the one who administer the medicines. It should be considered, within the appropriate legal frameworks, for patients who lack capacity and should not be undertaken without being discussed between various healthcare professionals and the family or carer of the patients (RCP 2004). Individual are being admitted to the hospital without his will. In other words being sectioned or detained is the authority for admission to the hospital comes from the Mental Health Act not from him. When the individual is detained he forced to take his medication if it is necessary, also when detained you will be in the hospital until you are discharged. (RETHINK) Furthermore individual sectioned if he is unwell and the Mental Health Act will never take this light. The individual has to be suffering from a mental health disorder of a nature or degree which warrants his detention in a hospital for assessment or treatment. (RETHINK) state that the Mental Health Act give the hospital power to treat the individual against their will. As care practitioner it is part of my job role to be able to make individual happy through communication. For what I mention above about restrain it is not for the individual and for human right because staff must find what cause the individual change to his mood. They are lot of things which can make mental health patients to be aggressive, shouting and agitated such as weather, noise environment, staff and depression. (Joseph Fletcher) states that ethics is love and you should always thinking about yourself and you should do the loving thing. It is good to use good communication not physical restrain because physical restrain causes bruises and skin tear to the patient or even death and it is against his will. Communication make good relationship between staff and patients. At my work place I make sure an individual have his hearing aid and glasses before I communicate with him/her. This will help him to understand what I am saying and he give me his answer. I sit the same level with him and this helps eyes contact. I take time to listen to them even he or she is in bad mood and I give them time to explain then after I explain and tell them to calm down in love ways. When I am communicating with them I communicate clear and not length and when he is calm then I take him to a quiet place without restraining nor force. Other staff they do not even tell what they want to do but they just restrain a patient and this will cause him to be in bad mood all the time. They was a patient who died during restraint and he was classed as a high risk patient because he was prone to aggressive towards, other patient ,staff and him. One staff was grabbed him and pulled him down on top of him, however, the staff remained on top of him waiting for the other staff to come .When he came and hold the other arm the patient was not breathing. Communication is a basic human rights .The individual rights are particular important because it is their major way of communicating their needs and preference. If I did not communicate with them they are unable to realise or exercise their rights because they have the right to freedom of expression. According to United Kingdom Law, patients have the right to refuse medication and it is a general legal ,ethical, and professional principle that valid consent must be obtained before any treatments or physical investigation ,or providing personal care for patients(Department of Health 2009). The principle reflect the right of patients to determine what transpires to their own bodies and is an ultimate part of good professional practice and for consent to be valid , it must be given voluntarily by appropriately knowledgeable patients who has the capacity to consent to the intervention in question (DOH 2009). Furthermore Diamond (2011) states that it is important for nurses to act within the law with respect to respect the refusal of treatment and prevent legal action being taken contrary to them. Smith and Roberts (2011) states that, it is important for healthcare professionals to understand the ethical perceptions, legal implications and professional values in order for them to acco untable for their practice (NMC 2010). The use of covert medication should be the last resort, not to be a routine measure, or and unforeseen event should the person not agree to take their medication (MCA 2005). Covert administration of medicine should only be carried out within appropriate legal and best practice frameworks for example ;Mental Health Act, MCA 2005 ,Deprivation of Liberty ,Safeguarding and Human Rights Act. The decision to administer medication covertly must only arise through conclusive evidence of the patient’s inability to comprehend the significance of refusal and in addition it must only be considered in order to save life or to prevent deterioration of health and 0t must be in the patient’s best interest (NMC 2008). However there are certain circumstances in which covert medication could be both legally and ethical justified, providing certain requirements have been encounters .This should be done by first initiating the patient’s lack of consent (MCA 2005), refusal of medication by people with capacity should be respected, failure to do so may amount not only to criminal battery or civil trespass, but also a breach of their human rights. Furthermore (MCA 2005) state that every adults has the capacity and right to make their decisions. According to what (Joseph Fletcher) state that ethics it is love. In addition forcing of medication to the individual with mental health problem without their consent it is love because individual need to be treated their illness to relieve their pain not to deteriorate which lead them to die. Furthermore it is not be love to leave an individual with mental illness untreated. Moreover the individual have mental problem so his brain are not working properly no matter he have capacity or not but he need help. Because medication control their diseases so that he can do his daily activities in placid way. (MHCC 2013) state that people in mental health care should feel confident that physical restraint should be used competently, safely and only as a last resort with minimum force for example a patient cannot leave the hospital because he do not want to stay there for treatment. In addition (MHCC 2013) state that force may be used to achieve this if it necessary and it must be reasonable and proportionate. Furthermore it is ethical to do good to keep someone to survive that is love. References BBC- Introduction to ethics (2014). Ethics: a general introduction. [Online]. Available at: www.bbc.co.uk/ethics//intro_shtml Washington Ethical Society (2012): What does ‘’ethics’’ mean? [Online]. Available at :> www.ethicalsociety.org/article/19/about-wes/ethical-culture-our-religious-heritage/faqs-about-ethics-culture/what-does-ethics-mean Merriam Webster, Ethics definition (2014). [Online]. Available at: http://i.word.com/idictionary//ethics Santa Clara University (2010). [Online]. Available at: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/whatisethics.html The Human Right Act | Liberty (2012). [Online]. Available at: www.liberty-human-rights.arg.uk/human-rights/what-are-human-rights-acts What are Human Rights (2014).[Online]. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/en/issues/pages/whatarehumanrights.aspx Your Human Rights A guide for people living with mental health problem. [Online]. Available at: www.bihr.org.uk//bihr_mental-health_problem Equality Human Rights (2014). [Online]. Available at: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/your-rights/human-rights/what-are-human-rights Rights for NHS patients (2010) now law. [Online]. Available at: www.telegraph.co.uk>..HealthNews Lets talk about restrain- Royal College Nursing (2002). [Online]. Available at: www.rcn.org.uk/_data//003208.pdf The Royal College of Psychiatrists (2014) Statement on being sectioned. Available at :> www.rcpsych.ac.uk/healthadvice/problemdisorders/beingsectionedengland. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010) Fitness ton practice annual report. [Online]Accessed on 09 April 2014] Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Annual reports and accounts/ FTPannualReports /NMC FTPANNUALReport2009 2010pfd The Royal College of Psychiatrists (2004) Statement on covert administration of medicines. Psychiatric Bulletin. [Online]. 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